02

It takes much more than the knowledge and skills to build
shelters, get food, make fires, and travel without the aid of
standard navigational devices to live successfully through a
survival situation. Some people with little or no survival
training have managed to survive life-threatening circum-
stances. Some people with survival training have not used
their skills and died. A key ingredient in any survival situa-
tion is the mental attitude of the individual(s) involved.
Having survival skills is important; having the will to sur-
vive is essential. Without a desk to survive, acquired skills
serve little purpose and invaluable knowledge goes to waste.

There is a psychology to survival. The soldier in a survival
environment faces many stresses that ultimately impact
on his mind. These stresses can produce thoughts and
emotions that, if poorly understood, can transform a confi-
dent, well-trained soldier into an indecisive, ineffective in-
dividual with questionable ability to survive. Thus, every
soldier must be aware of and be able to recognize those
stresses commonly associated with survival. Additionally, it
is imperative that soldiers be aware of their reactions to the
wide variety of stresses associated with survival. This chap-
ter will identify and explain the nature of stress, the stresses
of survival, and those internal reactions soldiers will natu-
rally experience when faced with the stresses of a real-world
survival situation. The knowledge you, the soldier, gain
from this chapter and other chapters in this manual, will
prepare you to come through the toughest times alive.

A LOOK AT STRESS
Before we can understand our psychological reactions in a survival
setting, it is helpful to first know a little bit about stress.

Stress is not a disease that you cure and eliminate. Instead, it is a
condition we all experience. Stress can be described as our reaction
to pressure. It is the name given to the experience we have as we physi-
cally, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually respond to life’s tensions.

Need for Stress
We need stress because it has many positive benefits. Stress provides
us with challenges; it gives us chances to learn about our values and
strengths. Stress can show our ability to handle pressure without break-
ing; it tests our adaptability and flexibility; it can stimulate us to do our
best. Because we usually do not consider unimportant events stressful,
stress can also be an excellent indicator of the significance we attach to
an event–in other words, it highlights what is important to us.

We need to have some stress in our lives, but too much of anything
can be bad. The goal is to have stress, but not an excess of it.
Too much stress can take its toll on people and organizations. Too
much stress leads to distress. Distress causes an uncomfortable
tension that we try to escape and, preferably, avoid. Listed below
are a few of the common signs of distress you may find in your
fellow soldiers or yourself when faced with too much stress:

-Difficulty making decisions.
-Angry outbursts.
-Forgetfulness.
-Low energy level.
-Constant worrying.
-Propensity for mistakes.
-Thoughts about death or suicide.
-Trouble getting along with others.
-Withdrawing from others.
-Hiding from responsibilities.
-Carelessness.

As you can see, stress can be constructive or destructive. It can
encourage or discourage, move us along or stop us dead in our
tracks, and make life meaningful or seemingly meaningless. Stress
can inspire you to operate successfully and perform at your maximum
efficiency in a survival situation. It can also cause you to panic
and forget all your training. Key to your survival is your ability
to manage the inevitable stresses you will encounter. The survivor
is the soldier who works with his stresses instead of letting his
stresses work on him.

Survival Stressors
Any event can lead to stress and, as everyone has experienced, events
don’t always come one at a time. Often, stressful events occur simulta-
neously. These events are not stress, but they produce it and are called
“stressors.” Stressors are the obvious cause while stress is the
response. Once the body recognizes the presence of a stressor, it
then begins to act to protect itself.

In response to a stressor, the body prepares either to “fight or flee.”
This preparation involves an internal SOS sent throughout the body. As
the body responds to this SOS, several actions take place. The body
releases stored fuels (sugar and fats) to provide quick energy;
breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen to the blood; muscle
tension increases to prepare for action; blood clotting mechanisms
are activated to reduce bleeding from cuts; senses become more acute
(hearing becomes more sensitive, eyes become big, smell becomes
sharper) so that you are more aware of your surrounding and heart rate
and blood pressure rise to provide more blood to the muscles. This
protective posture lets a person cope with potential dangers; however,
a person cannot maintain such a level of alertness indefinitely.

Stressors are not courteous; one stressor does not leave because
another one arrives. Stressors add up. The cumulative effect of minor
stressors can be a major distress if they all happen too close together.
As the body’s resistance to stress wears down and the sources of stress
continue (or increase), eventually a state of exhaustion arrives. At this
point, the ability to resist stress or use it in a positive way gives out
and signs of distress appear. Anticipating stressors and developing
strategies to cope with them are two ingredients in the effective
management of stress. It is therefore essential that the soldier in a
survival setting be aware of the types of stressors he will encounter.
Let’s take a look at a few of these.

Injury, Illness, or Death
Injury, illness, and death are real possibilities a survivor has to face.
Perhaps nothing is more stressful than being alone in an unfamiliar
environment where you could die from hostile action, an accident, or
from eating something lethal. Illness and injury can also add to stress by
limiting your ability to maneuver, get food and drink, find shelter, and
defend yourself. Even if illness and injury don’t lead to death, they add
to stress through the pain and discomfort they generate. It is only by
controlling the stress associated with the vulnerability to injury,
illness, and death that a soldier can have the courage to take the risks
associated with survival tasks.

Uncertainly and Lack of Control
Some people have trouble operating in settings where everything is not
clear-cut. The only guarantee in a survival situation is that nothing is
guaranteed. It can be extremely stressful operating on limited informa-
tion in a setting where you have limited control of your surroundings.
This uncertainty and lack of control also add to the stress of being ill,
injured, or killed.

Environment
Even under the most ideal circumstances, nature is quite formidable.
In survival, a soldier will have to contend with the stressors of weather,
terrain, and the variety of creatures inhabiting an area. Heat, cold, rain,
winds, mountains, swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles, and
other animals are just a few of the challenges awaiting the soldier
working to survive. Depending on how a soldier handles the stress of his
environment, his surroundings can be either a source of food and
protection or can be a cause of extreme discomfort leading to injury,
illness, or death.

Hunger and Thirst
Without food and water a person will weaken and eventually die. Thus,
getting and preserving food and water takes on increasing importance as
the length of time in a survival setting increases. For a soldier used to
having his provisions issued, foraging can be a big source of stress.

Fatigue
Forcing yourself to continue surviving is not easy as you grow more
tired. It is possible to become so fatigued that the act of just
staying awake is stressful in itself.

Isolation
There are some advantages to facing adversity with others. As soldiers
we learn individual skills, but we train to function as part of a team. Al-
though we, as soldiers, complain about higher headquarters, we become
used to the information and guidance it provides, especially during times
of confusion. Being in contact with others also provides a greater sense
of security and a feeling someone is available to help if problems occur.
A significant stressor in survival situations is that often a person or team
has to rely solely on its own resources.

The survival stressors mentioned in this section are by no means the
only ones you may face. Remember, what is stressful to one person may
not be stressful to another. Your experiences, training, personal
outlook on life, physical and mental conditioning, and level of
self-confidence contribute to what you will find stressful in a
survival environment. The object is not to avoid stress, but rather
to manage the stressors of survival and make them work for you.

We now have a general knowledge of stress and the stressors common
to survival; the next step is to examine our reactions to the
stressors we may face.

NATURAL REACTIONS
Man has been able to survive many shifts in his environment throughout
the centuries. His ability to adapt physically and mentally to a changing
world kept him alive while other species around him gradually died off.
The same survival mechanisms that kept our forefathers alive can help
keep us alive as well! However, these survival mechanisms that can help
us can also work against us if we don’t understand and anticipate their
presence.

It is not surprising that the average person will have some psychological
reactions in a survival situation. We will now examine some of the major
internal reactions you and anyone with you might experience with the
survival stressors addressed in the earlier paragraphs. Let’s begin.

Fear
Fear is our emotional response to dangerous circumstances that we
believe have the potential to cause death, injury, or illness. This harm
is not just limited to physical damage; the threat to one’s emotional
and mental well-being can generate fear as well. For the soldier trying
to survive, fear can have a positive function if it encourages him to
be cautious in situations where recklessness could result in injury.
Unfortunately, fear can also immobilize a person. It can cause him to
become so frightened that he fails to perform activities essential for
survival. Most soldiers will have some degree of fear when placed in
unfamiliar surroundings under adverse conditions. There is no shame in
this! Each soldier must train himself not to be overcome by his fears.
Ideally, through realistic training, we can acquire the knowledge and
skills needed to increase our confidence and thereby manage our fears.

Anxiety
Associated with fear is anxiety. Because it is natural for us to be afraid,
it is also natural for us to experience anxiety. Anxiety can be an uneasy,
apprehensive feeling we get when faced with dangerous situations
(physical, mental, and emotional). When used in a healthy way, anxiety
urges us to act to end, or at least master, the dangers that threaten our
existence. If we were never anxious, there would be little motivation to
make changes in our lives. The soldier in a survival setting reduces his
anxiety by performing those tasks that will ensure his coming through
the ordeal alive. As he reduces his anxiety, the soldier is also bringing
under control the source of that anxiety–his fears. In this form,
anxiety is good; however, anxiety can also have a devastating impact.
Anxiety can overwhelm a soldier to the point where he becomes easily
confused and has difficulty thinking. Once this happens, it becomes
more and more difficult for him to make good judgments and sound
decisions. To survive, the soldier must learn techniques to calm his
anxieties and keep them in the range where they help, not hurt.

Anger and Frustration
Frustration arises when a person is continually thwarted in his attempts
to reach a goal. The goal of survival is to stay alive until you can reach
help or until help can reach you. To achieve this goal, the soldier must
complete some tasks with minimal resources. It is inevitable, in trying to
do these tasks, that something will go wrong; that something will
happen beyond the soldier’s control; and that with one’s life at stake,
every mistake is magnified in terms of its importance. Thus, sooner or
later, soldiers will have to cope with frustration when a few of their
plans run into trouble. One outgrowth of this frustration is anger. There
are many events in a survival situation that can frustrate or anger a
soldier. Getting lost, damaged or forgotten equipment, the weather,
inhospitable terrain, enemy patrols, and physical limitations are just a
few sources of frustration and anger. Frustration and anger encourage
impulsive reactions, irrational behavior, poorly thought-out decisions,
and, in some instances, an “I quit” attitude (people sometimes avoid
doing something they can’t master). If the soldier can harness and
properly channel the emotional intensity associated with anger and
frustration, he can productively act as he answers the challenges of
survival. If the soldier does not properly focus his angry feelings,
he can waste much energy in activities that do little to further either
his chances of survival or the chances of those around him.

Depression
It would be a rare person indeed who would not get sad, at least
momentarily, when faced with the privations of survival. As this
sadness deepens, we label the feeling “depression.” Depression is
closely linked with frustration and anger. The frustrated
person becomes more and more angry as he fails to reach his
goals. If the anger does not help the person to succeed,
then the frustration level goes even higher. A destructive
cycle between anger and frustration continues until the person
becomes worn down-physically, emotionally, and mentally. When a
person reaches this point, he starts to give up, and his focus
shifts from “What can I do” to “There is nothing I can do.” Depression
is an expression of this hopeless, helpless feeling. There is nothing
wrong with being sad as you temporarily think about your loved ones
and remember what life is like back in “civilization” or “the world.”
Such thoughts, in fact, can give you the desire to try harder and
live one more day. On the other hand, if you allow yourself to sink
into a depressed state, then it can sap all your energy and, more
mportant, your will to survive. It is imperative that each soldier
resist succumbing to depression.

Loneliness and Boredom
Man is a social animal. This means we, as human beings, enjoy the com-
pany of others. Very few people want to be alone all the time! As you are
aware, there is a distinct chance of isolation in a survival setting. This is
not bad. Loneliness and boredom can bring to the surface qualities you
thought only others had. The extent of your imagination and creativity
may surprise you. When required to do so, you may discover some
hidden talents and abilities. Most of all, you may tap into a reservoir of
inner strength and fortitude you never knew you had. Conversely, loneli-
ness and boredom can be another source of depression. As a soldier
surviving alone, or with others, you must find ways to keep your mind
productively occupied. Additionally, you must develop a degree of
self-sufficiency. You must have faith in your capability to “go it alone.”

Guilt
The circumstances leading to your being in a survival setting are some-
times dramatic and tragic. It may be the result of an accident or military
mission where there was a loss of life. Perhaps you were the only, or
one of a few, survivors. While naturally relieved to be alive, you simulta-
neously may be mourning the deaths of others who were less fortunate.
It is not uncommon for survivors to feel guilty about being spared from
death while others were not. This feeling, when used in a positive way,
has encouraged people to try harder to survive with the belief they were
allowed to live for some greater purpose in life. Sometimes, survivors
tried to stay alive so that they could carry on the work of those killed.
Whatever reason you give yourself, do not let guilt feelings prevent you
from living. The living who abandon their chance to survive accomplish
nothing. Such an act would be the greatest tragedy.

PREPARING YOURSELF

Your mission as a soldier in a survival situation is to stay alive. As you
can see, you are going to experience an assortment of thoughts and emo-
tions. These can work for you, or they can work to your downfall. Fear,
anxiety, anger, frustration, guilt, depression, and loneliness are all possi-
ble reactions to the many stresses common to survival. These reactions,
when controlled in a healthy way, help to increase a soldier’s likelihood
of surviving. They prompt the soldier to pay more attention in training,
to fight back when scared, to take actions that ensure sustenance and
security, to keep faith with his fellow soldiers, and to strive against large
odds. When the survivor cannot control these reactions in a healthy
way, they can bring him to a standstill. Instead of rallying his internal
resources, the soldier listens to his internal fears. This soldier experi-
ences psychological defeat long before he physically succumbs. Remem-
ber, survival is natural to everyone; being unexpectedly thrust into the
life and death struggle of survival is not. Don’t be afraid of your “natural
reactions to this unnatural situation.” Prepare yourself to rule over these
reactions so they serve your ultimate interest–staying alive with the
honor and dignity associated with being an American soldier.

It involves preparation to ensure that your reactions in a survival setting
are productive, not destructive. The challenge of survival has produced
countless examples of heroism, courage, and self-sacrifice. These are the
qualities it can bring out in you if you have prepared yourself. Below are
a few tips to help prepare yourself psychologically for survival. Through
studying this manual and attending survival training you can develop the
survival attitude.

Know Yourself
Through training, family, and friends take the time to discover who you
are on the inside. Strengthen your stronger qualities and develop the
areas that you know are necessary to survive.

Anticipate Fears
Don’t pretend that you will have no fears. Begin thinking about what
would frighten you the most if forced to survive alone. Train in those
areas of concern to you. The goal is not to eliminate the fear, but to
build confidence in your ability to function despite your fears.

Be Realistic
Don’t be afraid to make an honest appraisal of situations. See
circumstances as they are, not as you want them to be. Keep your
hopes and expectations within the estimate of the situation. When
you go into a survival setting with unrealistic expectations, you
may be laying the groundwork for bitter disappointment. Follow the
adage, “Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.” It is much
easier to adjust to pleasant surprises about one’s unexpected good
fortunes than to be upset by one’s unexpected harsh circumstances.

Adopt a Positive Attitude
Learn to seethe potential good in everything. Looking for the good
not only boosts morale, it also is excellent for exercising your
imagination and creativity.

Remind Yourself What Is at Stake
Remember, failure to prepare yourself psychologically to cope with
survival leads to reactions such as depression, carelessness,
inattention, loss of confidence, poor decision-making, and giving
up before the body gives in. At stake is your life and the lives
of others who are depending on you to do your share.

Train
Through military training and life experiences, begin today to prepare
yourself to cope with the rigors of survival. Demonstrating your
skills in training will give you the confidence to call upon them
should the need arise. Remember, the more realistic the training,
the less overwhelming an actual survival setting will be.

Learn Stress Management Techniques
People under stress have a potential to panic if they are not well-trained
and not prepared psychologically to face whatever the circumstances may
be. While we often cannot control the survival circumstances in which
we find ourselves, it is within our ability to control our response to those
circumstances. Learning stress management techniques can enhance sig-
nificantly your capability to remain calm and focused as you work to keep
yourself and others alive. A few good techniques to develop include re-
laxation skills, time management skills, assertiveness skills, and cognitive
restructuring skills (the ability to control how you view a situation).

Remember, “the will to survive” can also be considered to be “the
refusal to give up.”